Островский Александр Николаевич - Гроза.

   THE STORM

  

  BY

   OSTROVSKY [Aleksandr Nicolaevich Ostrovsky] TRANSLATED BY CONSTANCE GARNETT INTRODUCTION Up to the years of the Crimean War Russia was always a strange, uncouth riddle to the European consciousness. It would be an interesting study to trace back through the last three centuries the evidence of the historical documents that our forefathers have left us when they were brought face to face, through missions, embassies, travel, and commerce, with the fantastic life, as it seemed to them, led by the Muscovite. But in any chance record we may pick up, from the reports of a seventeenth century embassy down to the narrative of an early nineteenth century traveller, the note always insisted on is that of all the outlandish civilisations, queer manners and customs of Europeans, the Russian's were the queerest and those standing furthest removed from the other nations'. And this sentiment has prevailed to-day, side by side with the better understanding we have gained of Russia. Nor can this conception, generally held among us, which is a half truth, be removed by personal contact or mere objective study; for example, of the innumerable memoirs published on the Crimean war, it is rare to find one that gives us any real insight into the nature of the Russian. And the conception itself can only be amended and enlarged by the study of the Russian mind as it expresses itself in its own literature. The mind of the great artist, of whatever race he springs, cannot lie. From the works of Thackeray and George Eliot in England and Turgenev and Tolstoi in Russia, a critic penetrates into the secret places of the national life, where all the clever objective pictures of foreign critics must lead him astray. Ostrovsky's drama, "The Storm," here translated for the English reader, is a good instance of this truth. It is a revelation of the old-fashioned Muscovite life _from the inside_, and Ostrovsky thereby brings us in closer relation to that primitive life than was in the power of Tolstoi or Goncharov, or even Gogol to bring us. These great writers have given us admirable pictures of the people's life as it appeared to them at the angle of the educated Westernised Russian mind; but here in "The Storm" is the atmosphere of the little Russian town, with its primitive inhabitants, merchants, and workpeople, an atmosphere untouched, unadulterated by the _ideas_ of any outside European influence. It is the Russia of Peter the Great and Catherine's time, the Russian patriarchal family life that has existed for hundreds of years through all the towns and villages of Great Russia, that lingers indeed to-day in out-of-the-way corners of the Empire, though now invaded and much broken up by modern influences. It is, in fact, the very Muscovite life that so puzzled our forefathers, and that no doubt will seem strange to many English readers. But the special triumph of "The Storm" is that although it is a realistic picture of old-fashioned Russian patriarchal life, it is one of the deepest and simplest psychological analyses of the Russian soul ever made. It is a very deep though a very narrow analysis. Katerina, the heroine, to the English will seem weak, and crushed through her weakness; but to a Russian she typifies revolt, freedom, a refusal to be bound by the cruelty of life. And her attitude, despairing though it seems to us, is indeed the revolt of the spirit in a land where Tolstoi's doctrine of non-resistance is the logical outcome of centuries of serfdom in a people's history. The merchant Dikoy, the bully, the soft characterless lover Boris, the idealistic religious Katerina, Kuligin the artisan, and Madame Kabanova, the tyrannical mother, all these are true national types, true Russians of the changing ages, and the counterparts of these people may be met to-day, if the reader takes up Tehehov's tales. English people no doubt will find it difficult to believe that Madame Kabanova could so have crushed Katerina's life, as Ostrovsky depicts. Nothing indeed is so antagonistic to English individualism and independence as is the passivity of some of the characters in "The Storm." But the English reader's very difficulty in this respect should give him a clue to much that has puzzled Europeans, should help him to penetrate into the strangeness of Russian political life, the strangeness of her love of despotism. Only in the country that produces such types of weakness and tyranny is possible the fettering of freedom of thought and act that we have in Russia to-day. Ostrovsky's striking analysis of this fatalism in the Russian soul will help the reader to understand the unending struggle in Russia between the enlightened Europeanised intelligence of the few, and the apathy of the vast majority of Russians who are disinclined to rebel against the crystallised conditions of their lives. Whatever may be strange and puzzling in "The Storm" to the English mind, there is no doubt that the Russians hail the picture as essentially true. The violence of such characters as Madame Kabanova and Dikoy may be weakened to-day everywhere by the gradual undermining of the patriarchal family system now in progress throughout Russia, but the picture is in essentials a criticism of the national life. On this point the Russian critic Dobroliubov, criticising "The Storm," says: "The need for justice, for respect for personal rights, this is the cry ... that rises up to the ear of every attentive reader. Well, can we deny the wide application of this need in Russia? Can we fail to recognise that such a dramatic background corresponds with the true condition of Russian society? Take history, think of our life, look about you, everywhere you will find justification of our words. This is not the place to launch out into historical investigation; it is enough to point out that our history up to the most recent times has not fostered among us the development of a respect for equity, has not created any solid guarantees for personal rights, and has left a wide field to arbitrary tyranny and caprice." This criticism of Dobroliubov's was written in 1860, the date of the play; but we have only to look back at the internal history of Russia for the last thirty years to see that it too "has not created any solid guarantees for personal rights, and has left a wide field to arbitrary tyranny and caprice." And here is Ostrovsky's peculiar merit, that he has in his various dramas penetrated deeper than any other of the great Russian authors into one of the most fundamental qualities of the Russian nature-its innate tendency to arbitrary power, oppression, despotism. Nobody has drawn so powerfully, so truly, so incisively as he, the type of the 'samodour' or 'bully,' a type that plays a leading part in every strata of Russian life. From Turgenev we learn more of the reverse side of the Russian character, its lack of will, tendency to weakness, dreaminess and passivity: and it is this aspect that the English find it so hard to understand, when they compare the characters in the great Russian novels with their own idea of Russia's formidable power. The people and the nation do not seem to correspond. But the riddle may be read in the coexistence of Russia's internal weakness and misery along with her huge force, and the immense rфle she fills as a civilising power. In "The Storm" we have all the contradictory elements: a life strongly organised, yet weak within; strength and passivity, despotism and fatalism side by side. The author of "The Storm," Alexander Ostrovsky (born in Moscow 1823, died 1886), is acknowledged to be the greatest of the Russian dramatists. He has been called "a specialist in the natural history of the Russian merchant," and his birth, upbringing, family connections and vocations gave him exceptional facilities for penetrating into the life of that class which he was the first to put into Russian literature. His best period was from 1850 to 1860, but all his work received prompt and universal recognition from his countrymen. In 1859 Dobroliubov's famous article, "The Realm of Darkness," appeared, analysing the contents of all Ostrovsky's dramas, and on the publication of "The Storm" in 1860, it was followed by another article from the same critic, "A Ray of Light in the Realm of Darkness." These articles were practically a brief for the case of the Liberals, or party of Progress, against the official and Slavophil party. Ostrovsky's dramas in general are marked by intense sombreness, biting humour and merciless realism. "The Storm" is the most poetical of his works, but all his leading plays still hold the stage. "The Storm" will repay a minute examination by all who recognise that in England to-day we have a stage without art, truth to life, or national significance. There is not a superfluous line in the play: all is drama, natural, simple, deep. There is no _falsity_, no forced situations, no sensational effects, none of the shallow or flashy caricatures of daily life that our heterogeneous public demands. All the reproach that lives for us in the word _theatrical_ is worlds removed from "The Storm." The people who like 'farcical comedy' and social melodrama, and 'musical sketches' will find "The Storm" deep, forbidding and gloomy. The critic will find it an abiding analysis of a people's temperament. The reader will find it literature. E. G. _November_, 1898. THE STORM DRAMATIS PERSONЖ SAVIL PROKOFIEVITCH DIKOY, _a merchant, and personage of importance in the town_. BORIS GRIGORIEVITCH, _his nephew, a young man of good education_. MARFA IGNATIEVNA KABANOVA, _a rich merchant's widow_. TIHON IVANITCH KABANOV, _her son_. KATERINA, _his wife_. VARVARA, _sister of Tihon_. KULIGIN, _a man of artisan class, a self-taught watchmaker, engaged in trying to discover the secret of perpetual motion_. VANIA KUDRIASH, _a young man, clerk to Dikoy_. SHAPKIN, _an artisan_. FEKLUSHA, _a pilgrim woman_. GLASHA, _a maid servant in the Kabanovs' house_. AN OLD LADY _of seventy, half mad, with_ TWO FOOTMEN. TOWNSPEOPLE _of both sexes_. _The action takes place in the town of Kalinov, on the banks of the Volga, in summertime. There is an interval of ten days between the 3rd and 4th acts. All the characters except Boris are dressed in old Russian national dress._ ACT I SCENE I A public garden on the steep bank of the Volga; beyond the Volga, a view of the country. On the stage two benches and a few bushes. KULIGIN (_sitting on a bench, looking towards the river_). KUDRIASH and SHAPKIN (_walking up and down_). KULIGIN (_singing_). "Amidst the level dales, upon a sloping hillside,"... (_ceases singing_) Wonderful, one really must say it's wonderful! Kudriash! Do you know, I've looked upon the Volga every day these fifty years and I can never get tired of looking upon it. KUDRIASH. How's that? KULIGIN. It's a marvellous view! Lovely! It sets my heart rejoicing. KUDRIASH. It's not bad. KULIGIN. It's exquisite! And you say "not bad"! You are tired of it, or you don't feel the beauty there is in nature. KUDRIASH. Come, there's no use talking to you! You're a genuine antique, we all know, a chemical genius. KULIGIN. Mechanical, a self-taught mechanician. KUDRIASH. It's all one.

  [_Silence._ KULIGIN (_pointing away_). Look, Kudriash, who's that waving his arms about over there? KUDRIASH. There? Oh, that's Dikoy pitching into his nephew. KULIGIN. A queer place to do it! KUDRIASH. All places are alike to him. He's not afraid of any one! Boris Grigoritch is in his clutches now, so he is always bullying him. SHAPKIN. Yes, you wouldn't find another bully like our worthy Saviol Prokofitch in a hurry! He pulls a man up for nothing at all. KUDRIASH. He is a stiff customer. SHAPKIN. Old Dame Kabanova's a good hand at that too! KUDRIASH. Yes, but she at least does it all under pretence of morality; he's like a wild beast broken loose! SHAPKIN. There's no one to bring him to his senses, so he rages about as he likes! KUDRIASH. There are too few lads of my stamp or we'd have broken him of it. SHAPKIN. Why, what would you have done? KUDRIASH. We'd have given him a good scare. SHAPKIN. How'd you do that? KUDRIASH. Why, four or five of us would have had a few words with him, face to face, in some back street, and he'd soon have been as soft as silk. And he'd never have let on to a soul about the lesson we'd given him; he'd just have walked off and taken care to look behind him. SHAPKIN. I see he'd some reason for wanting to get you sent for a soldier. KUDRIASH. He wanted to, right enough, but he didn't do it. No, he won't get rid of me; he's an inkling that I'd make him pay too dear for it. You're afraid of him, but I know how to talk to him. SHAPKIN. Oh, I daresay! KUDRIASH. What do you mean by that? I am reckoned a tough one to deal with. Why do you suppose he keeps me on? Because he can't do without me, to be sure. Well, then, I've no need to be afraid of him; let him be afraid of me. SHAPKIN. Why, doesn't he swear at you? KUDRIASH. Swear at me! Of course; he can't breathe without that. But I don't give way to him: if he says one word, I say ten; he curses and goes off. No, I'm not going to lick the dust for him. KULIGIN. What, follow his example! You'd do better to bear it in patience. KUDRIASH. Come, I say, if you're so wise, teach him good manners first and then we'll learn! It's a pity his daughters are all children, there's not one grown-up girl among them. SHAPKIN. What if there were? KUDRIASH. I should treat him as he deserves if there were. I'm a devil of a fellow among the girls!

  [_Dikoy and Boris advance. Kuligin takes off his hat._ SHAPKIN (_to Kudriash_). Let us move off; he'll pick a quarrel with us, very likely.

  [_They move off a little._ SCENE II. The Same, DIKOY and BORIS. DIKOY. Did you come here to loaf about in idleness? eh? Lazy good for nothing fellow, confound you! BORIS. It's a holiday; what could I be doing at home? DIKOY. You'd find work to do if you wanted to. I've said it once, and I've said it twice, "don't dare to let me come across you"; you're incorrigible! Isn't there room enough for you? Go where one will, there you are! Damn you! Why do you stand there like a post? Do you hear what's said to you? BORIS. I'm listening,-what more am I to do? DIKOY (_looking at Boris_). Get away with you! I won't talk to a Jesuit like you. (_Going_) To come forcing himself on me here!

  [_Spits and exit_. SCENE III KULIGIN, BORIS, KUDRIASH, and SHAPKIN. KULIGIN. What have you to do with him, sir? We can't make it out. What can induce you to live with him and put up with his abuse? BORIS. A poor inducement, Kuligin! I'm not free. KULIGIN. But how are you not free, allow me to ask you. If you can tell us, sir, do. BORIS. Why not? You knew our grandmother, Anfisa Mihalovna? KULIGIN. To be sure I did! KUDRIASH. I should think we did! BORIS. She quarrelled with my father you know because he married into a noble family. It was owing to that that my father and mother lived in Moscow. My mother used to tell me that she could hardly endure life for three days together with my father's relations, it all seemed so rough and coarse to her. KULIGIN. Well it might! you have to be used to it from the first, sir, to be able to bear it. BORIS. Our parents brought us up well in Moscow, they spared no expense. They sent me to the Commercial Academy, and my sister to a boarding school, but they both died suddenly of cholera. We were left orphans, my sister and I. Then we heard that our grandmother was dead here, and had left a will that our uncle was to pay us a fair share of her fortune, when we came of age, only upon one condition. KULIGIN. And what was that, sir? BORIS. If we showed a proper respect for his authority. KULIGIN. Then there's no doubt, sir, you'll never see your fortune. BORIS. No, but that's not all, Kuligin! First he finds fault with us to his heart's content, and ends none the less with giving us nothing, or some tiny dole. And then he'll go making out that it's a great favour, and that he ought not to have done even that. KUDRIASH. That's just the way the merchants go on among us. Besides, if you were ever so respectful to him, who's to hinder him from saying you're disrespectful? BORIS. To be sure. And indeed he sometimes will say: I've children of my own, why should I give money away to outsiders? Am I to wrong my own like that? KULIGIN. It's plain, sir, you're not in luck's way. BORIS. If it were only me, I wouldn't care! I'd throw it all up and go away. But I'm sorry for my sister. He did write for her to come too, but mother's relations wouldn't let her, they wrote she wasn't well. It frightens me to think what the life here would be for her. KUDRIASH. Of course. The master's no decent manners at all. KULIGIN. In what capacity do you live with him, sir; what arrangement has he made with you? BORIS. Why, none whatever; "you live with me," he says, "and do what you're told, and your pay shall be what I give you," that's to say, in a year's time he'll settle up with me as he thinks fit. KUDRIASH. That's just his way. Not one of us dare as much as hint at a salary, or he storms till he's black in the face. "How do you know," he'll say, "what I have in my mind to do? Do you suppose you can see into my heart? Maybe, I shall be so disposed as to give you five thousand." It's no use talking to him! Only you may be pretty sure he's never been disposed that way in his life. KULIGIN. It's a hard case, sir! You must try and get the right side of him somehow. BORIS. But the point is, Kuligin, that it's impossible. Why, even his own children can never do anything to please him; so it's hardly likely I could! KUDRIASH. Who could please him, when his whole life's spent in bullying people? Especially where money's at stake; no accounts are ever settled without storms of abuse. Often people are glad to go short of their due, if only he'll let them off quietly. Woe to us if anyone vexes him in the morning! He falls foul of everyone all day long. BORIS. Every morning my aunt entreats us with tears in her eyes: "Don't anger him, friends! Dear boys, don't anger him!" KUDRIASH. But you can never avoid it! If he goes to the bazaar, it's all up! He scolds all the peasants. Even if they ask him less than cost price they never get off without abuse. And then he's upset for the whole day. SHAPKIN. He's a bully-there's no other word for him. KUDRIASH. A bully? I should think he is! BORIS. And what's fatal is if some man offends him, whom he daren't be rude to. Then all his household have to look out for themselves! KUDRIASH. Bless my soul! That was a joke though. Didn't that hussar let him have it on the Volga, at the ferry! Oh, a lovely shindy he kicked up afterwards, too. BORIS. Ah, and didn't his family suffer for it! Why, for a fortnight after we were all hiding away in the attics and cupboards. KULIGIN. Surely that's not the folk coming back from vespers?

  [_Several persons pass in the background_. KUDRIASH. Come on, Shapkin, let's get a drink! It's no good stopping here.

  [_They bow and exeunt_. BORIS. Oh, Kuligin, it's awfully hard here for me who've not been used to it. Everyone seems to look with unfriendly eyes at me, as though I were not wanted here, as though I were in their way. I don't understand the ways here. I know this is truly Russia, my own country, but still I can't get used to it. KULIGIN. And you never will get used to it, sir. BORIS. Why? KULIGIN. They're a coarse lot, sir, in our town, a coarse lot! Among the working people, sir, you'll find nothing but brutality and squalid poverty. And we've no chance, sir, of ever finding our way out of it. For by honest labour we can never earn more than a crust of bread. And everyone with money, sir, tries all he can to get a poor man under his thumb, so as to make more money again out of his working for nothing. Do you know the answer your uncle, Saviol Prokofitch, made to the provost? The peasants were always coming to the provost with complaints that your uncle never paid one of them fairly according to agreement. The provost said to him at last: "Look here," says he, "Saviol Prokofitch, you must pay the peasants what's fairly owing to them! Every day they come to me with some complaint!" Your uncle slapped the provost on the shoulder, and says he: "It's not worth while, your Worship, for you and me to waste our breath over such petty details! I have to do with numbers of peasants in the course of the year; you can understand, if I pay them a paltry farthing short, every man of them, it mounts up to thousands, and a capital thing too for me!" Think of that, sir! And the way they treat one another too, sir! They injure each other's trade all they can, and that not so much from self-interest, as from envy. They are always at feud with one another. They entertain in their grand mansions drunken attorneys' clerks, wretched creatures, sir, that hardly look like human beings. And they, for a small tip, will cover sheets of stamped paper with malicious quibbling attacks on their neighbours. And then there's a lawsuit commences between them, sir, and no end to the worry and fret. They bring it before the court here, and go off to the chief town, and there everyone in court is on the look-out for them and they clap their hands with glee when they see them. Words do not take long, but deeds are not soon done. They are dragged from court to court, they are worn out with delays; but they are positively delighted at that; it's just that they want. "I've lost a lot of money," one will say, "but it's cost him a pretty penny too!" I did try to put it all into verse.... BORIS. Why, do you make verse? KULIGIN. Yes, sir, in the old-fashioned style. I have read Lomonosov and Derzhavin. Lomonosov was a deep thinker, an investigator of nature.... And he was one of us plain working folk too. BORIS. You should write. That would be interesting. KULIGIN. How could I, sir! They'd tear me to pieces, they'd skin me alive. Even as it is, sir, I have had to pay for my chattering; but I can't help it, I love to speak my mind freely. I meant to say something about their family life, sir, but we'll talk of that some other time. There's plenty to tell about that too.

  [_Enter Feklusha and another woman_. FEKLUSHA. De-lightful, my clear, de-lightful! Divinely beautiful! But what's the use of talking! You live in the Promised Land, simply! And the merchant gentry are all a devout people, and famed for many a virtue! liberality and much almsgiving! I am well content, my good soul, full to the brim of content! For their liberality to us will their abundance be greatly increased, especially in the house of Kabanova.

  [_Exeunt_. BORIS. Kabanova? KULIGIN. A fanatical hypocrite, sir. She gives to the poor, but her own household she worries to death. (_Silence_.) All I want, sir, is to find out the secret of perpetual motion! BORIS. Why, what would you do? KULIGIN. How can you ask, sir! Why, the English offer millions for it. I should use all the money for public purposes,-we want to provide work for the working people. Here they have hands to work, and no work to do. BORIS. And you hope to discover perpetual motion? KULIGIN. Not a doubt, I shall, sir! I have only to scrape up enough money for models. Good-bye, sir!

  [_Exit_. SCENE IV BORIS (_alone_). I haven't the heart to disillusion him! What a good fellow! He dreams and is happy. But I, it seems, must waste my youth in this wretched hole. I was utterly crushed before, and now this madness creeping into my mind! So suitable! Me give myself up to tender sentiments! Trampled upon, broken-spirited, and as if that's not enough, in my idiocy I must needs fall in love! And of all people in the world! With a woman, whom I may never have the luck to speak a word to. (_Silence_.) But for all that, I can't get her out of my head, try as I will. Here she is! Coming with her husband, oh! and the mother-in-law with them! Ah, what a fool I am! I must snatch a look at her round the corner, and then home again. [_Exit. From the opposite side, enter Mme. Kabanova, Kabanov, Katerina and Varvara_.] SCENE V MADAME KABANOVA, KABANOV, KATERINA and VARVARA. MME. KABANOVA. If you care to listen to your mother, you'll do as I have told you, directly you get there. KABANOV. How could I possibly disobey you, mother! MME. KABANOVA. Young folks show little respect to their elders, nowadays. VARVARA (_to herself_). Not respect you, my dear? That's likely! KABANOV. I think, mamma, I never depart a hairsbreadth from your will. MME. KABANOVA. I might believe you, my son, if I hadn't seen with my own eyes and heard with my own ears how little reverence parents receive nowadays from children! They might at least remember all the sufferings a mother has to put up with for her children. KABANOV. Mamma, I.... MME. KABANOVA. If the mother that bore you does at times say a word that wounds your pride surely you might put up with it! Hey, what do you think? KABANOV. But, mamma, when have I not put up with anything from you? MME. KABANOVA. The mother's old, and foolish, to be sure; you young people must not be too exacting with us old fools. KABANOV (_sighs, aside_). Oh, merciful Heavens! (_To his mother_) We should never dare think such a thing for a moment, mamma! MME. KABANOVA. It's out of love that parents are severe with you, out of love they scold even-they're always thinking how to train you in the right way. To be sure, that's not in favour nowadays. And children go about among folks proclaiming that their mother's a scold, that their mother won't let them stir, that she's the plague of their life. And if-Lord save us-some word of hers doesn't please her daughter-in-law, then it's the talk all over the place, that the mother-in-law worries her to death. KABANOV. You don't mean that anyone talks about you, mamma? MME. KABANOVA. I haven't heard so, my son, I haven't; I don't want to tell a lie about it. If I had, indeed, I shouldn't be talking to you like this, my dear. (_Sighs_) Ah, sin is a heavy burden! Sin is never far off! Something said goes to the heart, and there, one sins, one gets angry. No, my son, say what you like about me, there's no forbidding anyone to talk; if they don't dare before one's face, they'll do it behind one's back. KABANOV. May my tongue wither up and... MME. KABANOVA. Hush, hush, don't swear! It's a sin! I've seen plain enough for a long time past that your wife's dearer to you than your mother. Ever since you were married, I don't see the same love for me that I did in you. KABANOV. In what way do you see me changed, mamma? MME. KABANOVA. In everything, my son! When a mother doesn't see a thing with her eyes, her heart's so sensitive she can feel it with her heart. Or maybe it's your wife sets you against me, I can't say. KABANOV. Oh no, mamma! how can you say so, really? KATERINA. I look upon you as I would on my own mother, and indeed Tihon loves you too. MME. KABANOVA. You might hold your tongue, I should think, till you're asked a question. You've no need to defend him, young madam, I'm not going to hurt him, no fear! He's my son too, let me tell you; don't you forget it! What do you want to fire up and display your feelings before folks for! That we may see you love your husband? We know that, we know that, you show off before everyone. VARVARA (_to herself_). A nice place she's pitched on to read us a sermon! KATERINA. You have no need to say that of me, mamma. I am just the same before people, as I am by myself. I make no show of anything. MME. KABANOVA. And I'd no intention of speaking about you at all, but it happened to come up. KATERINA. Even so, why need you attack me? MME. KABANOVA. My, what a stuck-up thing she is! Here she's in a huff directly! KATERINA. No one likes to put up with unjust blame. MME. KABANOVA. I know, I know my words are not to your liking, but that can't be helped. I'm not a stranger to you, it makes my heart grieve to see you. I've seen for a long time past that you want your own way. Well, well, you've only to wait a bit, you'll have it all your own way when I'm dead and gone. Then to be sure you can do as you please, there'll be no elders then to look after you. And, maybe, you will think of me then. KABANOV. But we pray God night and day for you, mamma, that God may grant you health, and every blessing and success in all you do. MME. KABANOVA. Come, give over, please. I daresay you did love your mother, while you were a bachelor. But you've no thoughts for me now you've a young wife. KABANOV. The one doesn't hinder the other. A wife is something different, but for my mother I have a reverence quite apart. MME. KABANOVA. Then would you give up your wife rather than your mother? No, that I'll never believe. KABANOV. But why should I give up either? I love both. MME. KABANOVA. Oh, I daresay, I daresay, you may talk away! I see plain enough that I'm a hindrance to you. KABANOV. You must think as you please, it's for you to decide in everything. Only I can't comprehend why I was ever born into the world so unlucky as not to be able to please you anyhow. MME. KABANOVA. What do you mean by whimpering like a sick child! A pretty husband, upon my word! You should just see yourself! Do you suppose your wife will fear you after that? KABANOV. Why should she fear me? I'm content, if she loves me. MME. KABANOVA. Why should she fear you! Why should she fear you! What do you mean? Why, you must be crazy! If she doesn't fear you, she's not likely to fear me. A pretty state of confusion there would be in the house! Why, you're living with her in lawful wedlock, aren't you? Or does the law count for nothing to your thinking? If you do harbour such fools' notions in your brain, you shouldn't talk so before her anyway, nor before your sister, that's a girl still. She'll have to be married too; and if she catches up your silly talk it's her husband will thank us afterwards for the lessons we've taught her. You see how little sense you've got, and yet you want to be independent and live as you like. KABANOV. But indeed, mamma, I don't want to be independent. How ever could I be independent! MME. KABANOVA. So, to your thinking then, kindness is all that's needed with a wife? Mustn't even scold her then, or threaten her? KABANOV. But, indeed, mamma.... MME. KABANOVA (_hotly_). Wait till she sets up a lover.... Hey! But I daresay that's no consequence either, to your thinking? Hey? Come, speak? KABANOV. But, mercy on us, mamma.... MME. KABANOVA (_perfectly coolly_). Fool! (_Sighs_) What's the use of talking to a fool! it's simply a sin! (_Silence_) I'm going home. KABANOV. We'll come directly too; we'll only take one or two more turns on the parade. MME. KABANOVA. Very well; do as you like, only mind you don't keep me waiting! You know I don't like that. KABANOV. Oh no, mamma! God forbid! MME. KABANOVA. Mind you don't then!

  [_Goes_. SCENE VI The Same, except MME. KABANOVA. KABANOV. There, you see how I always catch it from mamma on your account! A nice sort of life I lead! KATERINA. Is it my fault? KABANOV. I don't know whose fault it is. VARVARA. Is it likely you would know? KABANOV. She used to keep on at me, "You must get a wife, you must get a wife, I'm longing to see you a married man." And now she worries my life out, and gives me no peace-all on your account. VARVARA. Well, it's not her fault! Mother attacks her, and you too. And then you say you love your wife. It makes me sick to look at you. (_Turns away_.) KABANOV. Talk away! What am I to do? VARVARA. Mind your own business-hold your tongue, if you can't do anything better. Why do you stand there shilly-shallying? I can see by your face what's in your mind. KABANOV. Why, what? VARVARA. What?-Why, that you want to go in and have a drink with Saviol Prokofitch. Eh? isn't that it? KABANOV. You've hit it, old girl. KATERINA. Come back quickly, Tihon dear, or mamma will be scolding again. VARVARA. Yes, indeed, you must look sharp, or you'll know what to expect. KABANOV. I should think I do! VARVARA. We've no great desire to get into a row for your sake either. KABANOV. I'll fly. Wait for me!

  [_Goes_. SCENE VII KATERINA and VARVARA. KATERINA. So you are sorry for me, Varia? VARVARA (_looking away_). Of course, I am. KATERINA. Then you love me, don't you? (_Kisses her warmly._) VARVARA. Love you? Of course. KATERINA. Thank you! you are so sweet, I love you dearly. (_Silence_) Do you know what I'm thinking? VARVARA. What? KATERINA. What a pity people can't fly! VARVARA. I don't know what you mean. KATERINA. What a pity people can't fly like birds. Do you know I sometimes fancy I'm a bird. When one stands on a high hill, one feels a longing to fly. One would take a little run, throw up one's arms, and fly away! Couldn't we try it now? (_Makes as though she would run._) VARVARA. What will you make up next? KATERINA (_sighs_). How I used to love play and frolic! But in your house I'm growing old and spiritless. VARVARA. Do you suppose I don't see it? KATERINA. How different I used to be! I lived without a care in my heart, as free as a bird. Mother adored me, dressed me up like a doll, and never forced me to work; I could do just as I liked. Do you know how I passed my days as a girl? I'll tell you. I used to get up early; if it was summer I used to go to the spring, and bathe, and bring back water with me, and water all the flowers in the house, every one of them. Then mother and I used to go to church, and all the pilgrim women-our house was simply full of pilgrims and holy women. We used to come back from church, and sit down to some work, often embroidery in gold on velvet, while the pilgrim women would tell us where they had been, what they had seen, and the different ways of living in the world, or else they would sing songs. And so the time would pass till dinner. Then the older women lay down for a nap, while I would run about in the garden. Then evensong, and in the evening, stories and singing again. Ah, those were happy days! VARVARA. But it's pretty much the same with us, if you come to that. KATERINA. Yes, but here one feels somehow in a cage. And how passionately I loved being in church! It was like stepping into Paradise, and I saw no one and had no thought of time and did not hear when the service was over. It was just as if it were all in one second. Mother used to say that often everyone looked at me and wondered what had come over me! And you know, on a sunny day, such a column of light streamed down from the golden cupola, and a sort of mist moving in the light, like smoke, and at times I seemed to see angels flying and singing in that bright light. And sometimes, dear girl, I would get up at night-we had lamps always burning all over our house,-and fall down in some corner and pray till morning. Or I would go out into the garden early in the morning, when the sun was just rising, fall on my knees and pray and weep, and not know myself what I prayed and wept for; and so they would find me sometimes. And what I was praying for then, what I besought God for-I couldn't say. I wanted nothing, I had enough of everything. And what dreams I used to have, dear Varia, what lovely dreams! Golden temples or gardens of some wonderful sort, and voices of unseen spirits singing, and the sweet scent of cypress and mountains and trees, not such as we always see, but as they are painted in the holy pictures. And sometimes I seemed to be flying, simply flying in the air. I dream sometimes now, but not often, and never dreams like those. VARVARA. Why, what then? KATERINA (_after a pause_). I shall die soon. VARVARA. What nonsense! KATERINA. No, I know I shall die. Oh, dear girl, something not good is happening with me, something strange. It has never been like this with me before. There is something in me so incomprehensible. As though I were beginning to live again, or ... I don't know what. VARVARA. What is the matter with you? KATERINA (_taking her hand_). I'll tell you, Varia; some dreadful sin is coming upon me! I have such a terror in my heart, such terror! As though I am standing on the edge of a precipice and someone is pushing me in, and I have nothing to cling to.

  [_Clutches her head in her hand._] VARVARA. What's wrong with you? You can't be well. KATERINA. Yes, I am well.... It would be better if I were ill, it's worse as it is. A dream keeps creeping into my mind, and I cannot get away from it. I try to think-I can't collect my thoughts, I try to pray-but I can't get free by prayer. My lips murmur the words but my heart is far away; as though the evil one were whispering in my ear, and always of such wicked things. And such thoughts rise up within me, that I'm ashamed of myself. What is wrong with me? There's some trouble, something before me! At night I do not sleep, Varia, a sort of murmur haunts me; someone seems speaking so tenderly to me, as it were cooing to me like a dove. And now I never dream, Varia, those old dreams, of trees and mountains in Paradise; but it's as though someone were clasping me passionately-so passionately and leading me, and I follow him, I follow. VARVARA. Well? KATERINA. But what things I am saying to you, a young girl like you. VARVARA (_looking about her_). You can tell me! I'm worse than you. KATERINA. Oh what am I to tell you? I'm ashamed. VARVARA. You've no need! Tell away. KATERINA. I am stifling, stifling at home, I should like to run away. And the fancy comes to me that if I were my own mistress, I would float down the Volga now, in a boat, to the singing of songs, or I would drive right away clasped close.... VARVARA. But not with your husband. KATERINA. How do you know that? VARVARA. As if I didn't know! KATERINA. Ah, Varia, there is sin in my heart! Alas, how often I have wept, I have done everything I can think of! I can't get free from this sin. I can't escape. Varia, it is wicked, it is a fearful sin-I love someone else! VARVARA. I'm not likely to be hard upon you! I've sins enough of my own. KATERINA. What am I to do? I'm at the end of my strength, where can I find help. I'm so wretched, I shall do something dreadful. VARVARA. Mercy on us! what is coming to you! Come, wait a bit, brother's going away to-morrow, we'll think of something; maybe, you'll be able to see each other. KATERINA. No, no, that must not be! What are you saying! God forbid! VARVARA. Why are you frightened? KATERINA. If I were once to see and speak with him, I should run away from home, I would not go back home for anything in the world. VARVARA. Oh well, wait a little, and then we shall see. KATERINA. No, no, don't talk to me, I don't want to hear! VARVARA. Why wear yourself out for nothing? You may die of grieving, do you suppose they'll be sorry for you? Come, wait a bit. Why, what's the good of making yourself miserable? [_Enter the Old Lady with a stick and two footmen in three-cornered hats behind her._ SCENE VIII The same and the OLD LADY. OLD LADY. Hey, my pretty charmers? What are you doing here? Waiting for young fellows, waiting for your beaus? Are your hearts merry? Merry are they? Are you pleased and proud of your beauty? That's where beauty leads to. (_Points to the Volga_) Yes, yes, to the bottomless pit! (_Varvara smiles._) What, laughing? Let not your heart rejoice! (_Knocks with her stick_) You will burn all of you in a fire unquenchable. You will boil in the lake of flaming pitch. (_Going_) That is whither beauty leads you!

  [_Goes._ SCENE IX KATERINA and VARVARA. KATERINA. Ah, how she frightened me! I'm trembling all over, as if she were foretelling something for me. VARVARA. Her curse fall on her own head, the old witch! KATERINA. What was it she said, eh? what did she say? VARVARA. It was all rubbish. It's silly to listen to her raving. She foretells evil like that to everyone. She was a sinner all her life from her youth up. You should hear the stories they tell about her. So now she's afraid of death. And she must try and frighten others with what she dreads herself. Why even the little street boys hide away from her; she shakes her stick at them and growls (_mimicking_) "you'll all burn in fire unquenchable!" KATERINA (_shrinking_). Ah, ah, stop! I can't bear it! VARVARA. There's nothing to be frightened of! An old fool.... KATERINA. I am afraid, terribly afraid! I seem to see her all the while before us.

  [_Silence._ VARVARA (_looking round_). I say, brother doesn't come, and yonder there's a storm coming up. KATERINA (_in terror_). A storm! Let us run home! Make haste! VARVARA. Why, are you crazy? How can you show yourself at home without my brother? KATERINA. No, let us go home! Never mind him! VARVARA. But why are you so awfully frightened? The storm's a long way off yet. KATERINA. If it's so far off, we'll wait then a little, if you like; but really it would be better to go. Yes, we'd better go home. VARVARA. But if anything were to happen, you know, you'd be no safer at home. KATERINA. No, but still, it's better there, it's quieter; at home one can turn to the holy pictures and pray to God! VARVARA. I didn't know you were so afraid of a thunderstorm. I'm not afraid, you see. KATERINA. Don't talk of not being afraid! Everyone must be afraid. What is dreadful is not it's killing you, but that death may overtake you all of a sudden, just as you are, with all your sins, with all your erring thoughts. I have no fear of death, but when I think that I shall be brought all at once before the face of God just as I am here, with you, after this talk,-that's what is awful! What I had in my heart! What wickedness! fearful to think of! (_Thunder._) Ah!

  [_Enter Kabanov._ VARVARA. Here comes my brother. (_To Kabanov_) Hurry up!

  [_Thunder._ KATERINA. Ah! Make haste! Make haste! ACT II SCENE I A room in the house of the Kabanovs. GLASHA (_packing up clothes in a bundle_). _Enter_ FEKLUSHA. FEKLUSHA. Dear girl, always at work! What are you doing, my dear? GLASHA. I'm getting the master's things ready for his journey. FEKLUSHA. Is he going away then-the light of our eyes? GLASHA. Yes. FEKLUSHA. Is he going to be away long, my dear? GLASHA. No, not long. FEKLUSHA. Well, God speed him on his way! And say, will the young mistress do a wail for his going or not? GLASHA. That I can't say, really. FEKLUSHA. But she does wail at times, I suppose? GLASHA. Never heard of her doing it. FEKLUSHA. Well now, my dear, if there's one thing I love, it's to hear a wail well done! (_Silence._) And mind you keep a sharp look out, my girl, on the beggar woman below, that she don't lay her hands on anything. GLASHA. Who's to tell the rights and wrongs of it with you begging pilgrims, you all speak ill of one another. Why can't you live and let live? I should have thought you wandering women get plenty in our house all of you, and yet you must always be quarrelling and nagging at each other. Aren't you afraid of such sin? FEKLUSHA. One can't be without sin, my good girl; we live in the world. I'll tell you what, my dear; you, simple folk, are tempted of one devil, but we pilgrim folk are beset, one with six, another with twelve devils; and here we have to struggle against all at once. It's a hard fight, my dear, a hard fight! GLASHA. Why is it you have such a lot? FEKLUSHA. Ah, my good girl, that comes of the hatred the evil one has for us, because we lead a life of such holiness. But I can't say, my dear, that I'm one to gossip; that's not a sin of mine. One failing I have, truly; I know myself what it is. I love dainty eating. Well, well, the Lord in His mercy provides according to my weakness. GLASHA. And have you travelled far in your wanderings, Feklusha? FEKLUSHA. No, my dear, owing to my weakness, I've never gone far away; but many a thing I've heard. They do say, my dear, there are countries where there are no Tsars of the true faith, but Sultans rule the lands. In one land there is the Sultan Mahnoot the Turk on the throne-and in another the Sultan Mahnoot the Persian. And they rule, my good girl, over all men, and whatever they decree it's always unrighteous. And they cannot, my dear, judge righteously in any one thing, such is the ban laid upon them. We have a just law, but they, my dear, an unjust law. Everything that is one way in our land is the very opposite in theirs. And all the judges with them, in their countries, are unjust too, so that, do you know, my girl, they even write in their petitions: "judge me, unjust judge!" And there is a country too where all the men have the heads of dogs. GLASHA. How do they come to have dogs' heads? FEKLUSHA. For their infidelity. I am going off on my rounds among the merchant gentry, my dear, to see if there won't be some alms for poverty. Good-bye for the present! GLASHA. Good-bye! (_Exit Feklusha_.) Only fancy that there are lands like that! There's no end to the marvels in the world. And here we sit at home and know nothing. A good thing it is to be sure, that there are pious folk; from time to time one hears what is being done in the light of day; if it weren't for them, we should live and die in our foolishness.

  _Enter Katerina and Varvara_. SCENE II KATERINA and VARVARA. VARVARA (_to Glasha_). Carry the bundles down to the chaise, the horses are at the door. (_To Katerina_) You were married off young, and you never had any fun when you were a girl; and so your heart is restless still.

  [_Glasha goes out._ KATERINA. And it always will be. VARVARA. Why? KATERINA. I have been like that from my birth up, full of fire! I was only six years old, when do you know what I did? They offended me somehow at home,-it was in the evening and quite dark-I ran away to the Volga, and got into a boat, and pushed it off from the bank. They found me next morning, ten miles down the river. VARVARA. Really! And were there any men in love with you, as a girl? KATERINA. Of course there were! VARVARA. Well? And didn't you care for anyone? KATERINA. No, I only laughed at t